Clear Chamber Combustion Video Fun
Posted: Wed Feb 27, 2008 2:37 pm
So, after measuring the approximate rate of propane diffusion in air, I figured the long, skinny and clear combustion chamber would make for some interesting videos.
Unfortunately, I don't have access to a high speed video camera so I had to make do with the video mode of a 6MP digital still camera.
The first video is well equilibrated stoichiometric propane in air. A QuickTime video is here (465KB). You can grab the QuickTime progess slider and single step through the video frames.
Below are the six frames of video that span the entire combustion event. Note that the distances and flame speeds are very rough approximations. The times are calculated based on a 30 frames per second video rate.
In the first frame nothing has happened yet, this is the zero time point.
In the next frame ignition has occurred and the spark-end plastic wrap plug has been blown off.
There is a faint orange smudge to the left of the tube's end which may be the plastic wrap blowing off or, given the orange color, a flame. The denser blue color is the tape that covered the vent hole, the fainter blue smudge is the flame. The flame appears rather diffuse. This is probably caused by the relatively slow shutter speed of the camera. It may also be caused by a turbulent, instead of laminar, flame front.
The next three frames show the flame propagating the length of the tube, in the final frame combustion has finished. The blue color of the flame suggests that the fuel was indeed well mixed.
The fifth frame has some very interesting features:
The white streaks are simply room light reflecting off the outside of the tube. The broad blue smudge is the flame "front". The somewhat sharper and bluer smudge near the end of the tube is the blue tape that covered the injection hole. The interesting features of this frame are the two orange and pink "plumes". The smaller plume near the end of the pipe appears to be coming from the injection hole (the tape on the outside of the pipe was not dislodged during firing). The larger plume near the center of the flame is caused by ...? Close inspection of the tube reveals a small scratch on the inside of the tube which appears to be the source of the plume. So it appears that any flaw in the tube, even something as minor as a covered 0.05"D hole or small scratch causes an orange plume. An orange flame color for a propane in air combustion suggests incomplete combustion caused by insufficient oxygen (an "oxidizing flame"). I wonder if the rough edges and/or turbulence around the surface flaws is causing the polycarbonate to burn. The color is due to an excess of fuel. Inspection of the flaw and hole show no visible signs of combustion. If the polycarbonate is burning then very little plastic is actually being consumed in the process.
There is another interesting characteristic of these two plumes. Which direction do the plumes suggest the gases in the tube are moving at this particular instant in the firing cycle? The plumes suggest that, though the flame front is propagating to the right, the gases in the tube are moving to the left. The length of the larger plume suggests that the gas speed is similar to the flame speed (~30ft/sec) but in the opposite direction. Apparently, the combustion gases to the left of the plume have cooled significantly, dropping the pressure below atmospheric, resulting in a large "suck-back" of air into the tube. This is reminiscent of the flame and gas movement in a pulse-jet engine.
I wonder if I reached into the chamber with a nail on a stick and made small scratches every foot or so along the length of the tube if that would allow me to determine the direction and speed of the gas's movement at different places in the chamber as it is fired? Each small scratch would be the source of a plume, the plume direction and length would indicate the gas speed and direction at a particular instant.
Incompletely Mixed of Fuel
For this video I attempted to get the chamber to fire without fully equilibrating the fuel. The fuel was injected slowly and allowed to diffuse for ~30 minutes, roughly two diffusional half-lives for this chamber. You can view the QuickTime video here(1.3MB).
The second and third frames have orange-ish flames that do not appear to be associated with imperfections in the tube. Presumably this coloration is due to incomplete mixing of the fuel.
As in the first video, some of the frames have plumes that appear to be associated with flaws in the tube. The fourth frame has a single small plume, the fifth has a couple plumes.
A Very Rich Mixture
For the next video I injected sufficient fuel to bring the chamber to about 7% propane. The mixture is very rich and near the upper combustion limit or propane in air. You can view this video here (3.4MB).
Note that in the image above only the first frames are shown, there are an additional ~90 frames showing the flame front progressing through the tube.
The rich mixture gave a robust blow-out flame at the spark end which lasts ~130mSec. The flame front then proceeded down the tube very slowly, taking about 3 seconds to reach the far end. At the far end it burned through the plastic wrap plug. This very rich mixture gave a flame speed in the tube, after the initial blowout, of only about 1 foot/second, more than an order of magnitude slower than the shots with stoichiometric fuel. The slow burn speed may be a result of the need to suck fresh air into the tube, from the chambers spark end, to support combustion. Since the injection end cap was never blown off, air can only enter the tube via the spark gap end.
Not sure if I learned anything (other than working with video is a PITA) but movies of stuff blowing up and/or burning are always fun.
Unfortunately, I don't have access to a high speed video camera so I had to make do with the video mode of a 6MP digital still camera.
The first video is well equilibrated stoichiometric propane in air. A QuickTime video is here (465KB). You can grab the QuickTime progess slider and single step through the video frames.
Below are the six frames of video that span the entire combustion event. Note that the distances and flame speeds are very rough approximations. The times are calculated based on a 30 frames per second video rate.
In the first frame nothing has happened yet, this is the zero time point.
In the next frame ignition has occurred and the spark-end plastic wrap plug has been blown off.
There is a faint orange smudge to the left of the tube's end which may be the plastic wrap blowing off or, given the orange color, a flame. The denser blue color is the tape that covered the vent hole, the fainter blue smudge is the flame. The flame appears rather diffuse. This is probably caused by the relatively slow shutter speed of the camera. It may also be caused by a turbulent, instead of laminar, flame front.
The next three frames show the flame propagating the length of the tube, in the final frame combustion has finished. The blue color of the flame suggests that the fuel was indeed well mixed.
The fifth frame has some very interesting features:
The white streaks are simply room light reflecting off the outside of the tube. The broad blue smudge is the flame "front". The somewhat sharper and bluer smudge near the end of the tube is the blue tape that covered the injection hole. The interesting features of this frame are the two orange and pink "plumes". The smaller plume near the end of the pipe appears to be coming from the injection hole (the tape on the outside of the pipe was not dislodged during firing). The larger plume near the center of the flame is caused by ...? Close inspection of the tube reveals a small scratch on the inside of the tube which appears to be the source of the plume. So it appears that any flaw in the tube, even something as minor as a covered 0.05"D hole or small scratch causes an orange plume. An orange flame color for a propane in air combustion suggests incomplete combustion caused by insufficient oxygen (an "oxidizing flame"). I wonder if the rough edges and/or turbulence around the surface flaws is causing the polycarbonate to burn. The color is due to an excess of fuel. Inspection of the flaw and hole show no visible signs of combustion. If the polycarbonate is burning then very little plastic is actually being consumed in the process.
There is another interesting characteristic of these two plumes. Which direction do the plumes suggest the gases in the tube are moving at this particular instant in the firing cycle? The plumes suggest that, though the flame front is propagating to the right, the gases in the tube are moving to the left. The length of the larger plume suggests that the gas speed is similar to the flame speed (~30ft/sec) but in the opposite direction. Apparently, the combustion gases to the left of the plume have cooled significantly, dropping the pressure below atmospheric, resulting in a large "suck-back" of air into the tube. This is reminiscent of the flame and gas movement in a pulse-jet engine.
I wonder if I reached into the chamber with a nail on a stick and made small scratches every foot or so along the length of the tube if that would allow me to determine the direction and speed of the gas's movement at different places in the chamber as it is fired? Each small scratch would be the source of a plume, the plume direction and length would indicate the gas speed and direction at a particular instant.
Incompletely Mixed of Fuel
For this video I attempted to get the chamber to fire without fully equilibrating the fuel. The fuel was injected slowly and allowed to diffuse for ~30 minutes, roughly two diffusional half-lives for this chamber. You can view the QuickTime video here(1.3MB).
The second and third frames have orange-ish flames that do not appear to be associated with imperfections in the tube. Presumably this coloration is due to incomplete mixing of the fuel.
As in the first video, some of the frames have plumes that appear to be associated with flaws in the tube. The fourth frame has a single small plume, the fifth has a couple plumes.
A Very Rich Mixture
For the next video I injected sufficient fuel to bring the chamber to about 7% propane. The mixture is very rich and near the upper combustion limit or propane in air. You can view this video here (3.4MB).
Note that in the image above only the first frames are shown, there are an additional ~90 frames showing the flame front progressing through the tube.
The rich mixture gave a robust blow-out flame at the spark end which lasts ~130mSec. The flame front then proceeded down the tube very slowly, taking about 3 seconds to reach the far end. At the far end it burned through the plastic wrap plug. This very rich mixture gave a flame speed in the tube, after the initial blowout, of only about 1 foot/second, more than an order of magnitude slower than the shots with stoichiometric fuel. The slow burn speed may be a result of the need to suck fresh air into the tube, from the chambers spark end, to support combustion. Since the injection end cap was never blown off, air can only enter the tube via the spark gap end.
Not sure if I learned anything (other than working with video is a PITA) but movies of stuff blowing up and/or burning are always fun.
